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Dalam organisasi ini, kekuasaan politik Jepang diimbangi dengan
mengembangkan kegiatan politik yang dilakukan oleh tokoh-tokoh nasional.
Chuo Sangi In merupakan badan untuk menampung dan memberikan aktivitas
kepada tokoh nasional Indonessia agar dapat terlibat dalam kegiatan
pemerintahan.
In this organization, the power of Japanese politics was balanced by developing political activity done by the national figures. Chuo Sangi was the body to accomodate and give activity to the Indonesian national figures so that to be able to get involved the governance activity.
In the effort of opposing against Japanese, the nationalist leaders formed cooperative and non-cooperative organizations. Besides by way of cooperative and non-cooperative, the resistance toward the occupation of Japanese military was also brought about by carrying out an underground movement and various armed resistances.
Dalam upaya melakukan perlawanan. terhadap Jepang, para pemimpin nasionalis membentuk organisasi-organisasi yang bersifat kooperatif dan organisasi yang bersifat non-kooperatif. Selain dengan cara kooperatif dan non-kooperatif, perlawanan terhadap pendudukan militer Jepang juga dilakukan dengan mengadakan gerakan bawah tanah dan berbagai perlawanan dengan menggunakan senjata.
1. Underground Movement / Gerakan Bawah Tanah
After the organizations were disbanded, the leaders organized an underground movement. Underground movement was a movement done secretly and stealthily. Before committing underground movement, the leaders gathered power and engrafted the spirit of national unity to all people. This underground tnovernent was among others led by Sutan Sjahrir.
After the organizations were disbanded, the leaders organized an underground movement. Underground movement was a movement done secretly and stealthily. Before committing underground movement, the leaders gathered power and engrafted the spirit of national unity to all people. This underground tnovernent was among others led by Sutan Sjahrir.
Setelah Organisasi-organisasi dibubarkan, para pemimpin mengadakan gerakan bawah tanah. Gerakan bawah tanah merupakan gerakan yang dilakukan secara rahasia dan sembunyi-sembunyi. Sebelum melakukan gerakan bawah tanah, para pemimpin menghimpun kekuatan dan menanamkan semangat persatuan nasional kepada seluruh rakyat. Gerakan bawah tanah ini di antaranya dipimpin oleh Sutan Sjahrir.
2. Artned Opposition / Perlawanan Bersenjata
The infliction of people as the effect of colonization of Japanese had borne oppositions in various regions and resistance of PETA members.
The infliction of people as the effect of colonization of Japanese had borne oppositions in various regions and resistance of PETA members.
Penderitaan rakyat akibat penjajahan Jepang telah melahirkan perlawanan di berbagai daerah dan perlawanan dari anggota PETA.
Resistance in various regions was marked with existence of rebellions among others were as follows. Perlawanan di berbagai daerah ditandai dengan adanya pemberontakan antara lain sebagai berikut.
1. Rebellion in Aceh / Pemberontakan di Aceh
On November 10, 1942, a rebellion at Cot Plieng, Aceh, led by Tengku Abdul Jalil happened. The rebellion took place because Japanese ' burned the mosques. The rebellion led by Tengku Abdul Jalil could be extinguished by a shot at Tengku Abdul Jalil when he was performing prayer .The next to years, another rebellion emerged once more at Meureu led by Teuku Hamid, but the rebellion could also be extinguished.
Pada tanggal 10 November 1942, terjadi pemberontakan di Cot Plieng, Aceh, yang dipimpin oleh Tengku Abdul Jalil. Pemberontakan tersebut terjadi karena Jepang membakar masjid-masjid. Pemberontakan yang dipimpin oleh Tengku Abdul Jalil dapat dipadamkan dengan ditembaknya Tengku Abdul Jalil ketika sedang melaksanakan shalat. Dua tahun kemudian, muncul pemberontakan lagi di Meureu yang dipimpin oleh Teuku Hamid, namun pemberontakan tersebut juga dapat dipadamkan.
2. Rebellion at Karang Ampel, Sindang, Indramayu Regency / Pemberontakan di Karang Ampel, Sindang, Kabupaten Indramayu.
The rebellion occurred in 1943, led by Haji Madriyan. But, the rebellion could be suppressed.
Pemberontakan terjadi pada tahun1943, dipimpin oleh Haji Madriyan. Namun, pemberontakan tersebut dapat dipadamkan.
3. Rebellion at Sukamanah, Singaparna (West Java) / Pemberontakan di Sukamanah, Singaparna (Jawa Barat).
Rebellion led by K.H. Zaenal Mustofa, and started on Februari 25, 1944. They refused teaching which smelt of Japanese, and did not hold out of the Japanese oppression. Then K.H. Zaenal Mustofa was arrested and brought to Jakarta to be judged. Finally he was sentenced to death and buried at Ancol.
Pemberontakan dipimpin oleh K.H. Zaena 1 Mustofa, dan dimulai pada tanggal 25 Februari 1944. Mereka menolak ajaran yang berbau Jepang, dan tidak tahan terhadap penindasan Jepang. Kemudian K.H. Zaenal Mustofa ditangkap dan dibawa ke Jakarta untuk diadili. Akhirnya, beliau dihukum mati dan dimakamkan di Ancol.
4. Rebellion at Lohbener, West Java / Pemberontakan di Lohbener, Jawa Barat
This rebellion was led by H. Madriyas - Pemberontakan ini dipimpin oleh H. Madriyas.
5. Rebellion in Pontianak, West Kalimantan / Pemberontakan di Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat.
A chief of Dayak tribe called Pang Suma, led a rebellion confronted the cruelty of occupying Japanese government. They brought about the rebellion by hit and run warfare run (a kind of guerrilla war).
A chief of Dayak tribe called Pang Suma, led a rebellion confronted the cruelty of occupying Japanese government. They brought about the rebellion by hit and run warfare run (a kind of guerrilla war).
Seorang kepala suku Ikyak yang bernama Pang Suma, memimpin pemberontakan menghadapi kekejaman pemerintah pendudukan Jepang. Pemberontakan mereka lakukan dengan cara hit and run warfare (semacam perang gerilya).
6. Rebellion in West Irian / Pemberontakan di Irian Barat.
Rebellion led by L. Rumkorem at Mokmer which was recognized with "Koreri Movement.
Pemberontakan yang dipimpin oleh L. Rumkorem di Mokmer tersebut dikenal dengan "Gerakan Koreri".
Besides existence of rebellions in various regions in Indonesia, rebellions were also done by PETA members. The rebellions of PETA, among others were:
Selain adanya pemberontakan di berbagai daerah di Indonesia, pemberontakan juga dilakukan oleh anggota PETA. Pemberontakan PETA, di antaranya:
A. Rebellion of PETA in Blitar / Pemberontakan PETA di Blitar
This Rebellion was led by Syadanco (Platoon Commandant) Supriyadi, on Februari 14, 1945. But, the opposition of PETA did not succeed. Japanese troops seized PETA soldiers and confronted to Japanese Court Martial in Jakarta. Some people were sentenced to death, among others were dr. Ismail,' Muradi, Suparyono, Halim Mangkudijaya, Susanto, and Sudarmo. While. the others were convicted for two years until for a lifetime. But, Supriyadi was not captured and hitherto was unknown his fate.
This Rebellion was led by Syadanco (Platoon Commandant) Supriyadi, on Februari 14, 1945. But, the opposition of PETA did not succeed. Japanese troops seized PETA soldiers and confronted to Japanese Court Martial in Jakarta. Some people were sentenced to death, among others were dr. Ismail,' Muradi, Suparyono, Halim Mangkudijaya, Susanto, and Sudarmo. While. the others were convicted for two years until for a lifetime. But, Supriyadi was not captured and hitherto was unknown his fate.
Pemberontakan ini dipimpin oleh Syadanco (Komandan Peleton) Supriyadi, pada tanggal 14 Februari 1945. Namun, perlawanan PETA tidak berhasil. Vasukan Jepang pun menangkap prajurit-prajurit PETA dan dihadapkan ke Mahkamah Militer Jepang di Jakarta. Beberapa orang di antaranya dijatuhi hukuman mati, seperti: dr. Ismail, Muradi, Suparyono, Halim Mangkudijaya, Susanto, dan Sudarmo. Sedangkan yang lainnya dijatuhi hukuman 2 tahun sampai seumur hidup. Namun, Supriyadi tidak tertangkap dan sampai sekarang tidak diketahui nasibnya.
B. Rebellion of PETA at Gumilir, Cilacap Pemberontakan PETA di Gumilir, Cilacap.
This rebellion was led by Budanco (Squad Commandant ) Khusaeri. The resistance did not succeed and finally PETA team surendered. On the effort of Daidanco (Battalion Commandant) Sudirman, Khusaeri and his friends were not convicted. Daidanco Sudirman was then fanous with the title General Sudirman.
This rebellion was led by Budanco (Squad Commandant ) Khusaeri. The resistance did not succeed and finally PETA team surendered. On the effort of Daidanco (Battalion Commandant) Sudirman, Khusaeri and his friends were not convicted. Daidanco Sudirman was then fanous with the title General Sudirman.
Pemberontakan ini dipimpin oleh Budanco (Komandan Regu) Khusaeri. Perlawanan tersebut tidak berhasil dan akhirnya pasukan PETA menyerah. Atas usaha Daidanco (Komandan Batalyon) Sudirman, Khusaeri dan teman-temannya tidak dijatuhi hukuman. Daidanco Sudirman kemudian terkenal dengan sebutan Jenderal Sudirman.
Besides the rebellions of PETA soldiers, members of Giguyun (a kind of PETA soldier) also performed a rebellion. The example was Aceh led by Teuku Hamid.
Selain pemberontakan-pemberontakan dari prajurit PETA, anggota pasukan Giguyun (semacam prajurit PETA) pun mengadakan pemberontakan. Contohnya di Aceh yang dipimpin oleh Teuku Hamid.
Sumber Pustaka: Yrama Widya
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