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Pemerasan tenaga manusia dilakukan di berbagai daerah. Hal tersebut
dilakukan karena Jepang memerlukan banyak tenaga kerja untuk membangun
berbagai sarana perang, seperti jalan raya, kubu-kubu pertahanan,
jembatan, lapangan terbang, dan gua-gua persembunyian. Semuanya dibangun
dengan mengerahkan tenaga rakyat Indonesia. Tenaga-tenaga rakyat atau
pekerja paksa tersebut dikenal dengan sebutan "romusha". Dengan adanya
romusha, penderitaan rakyat Indonesia semakin bertambah. Banyak rakyat
Indonesia yang men inggal karena kerja yang sangat keras dan periakuan
Jepang yang kejam.
Extortion of manpower was carried out in various regions. That matter was done because Japanese needed many labour to build various war means, such as roads, defence citadels, bridges, airdrome,s1, and hiding caves. Everything was built by conscripting the Indonesian people force. The people power or the forced labour was recognized with the term romusha". With the existence of romusha, the infliction of the Indonesian people more and more worsened. A. lot of Indonesian people died because very hard work and ill treatment of the Japanese.
The romusha who was careless in working was beated, slaped, castigated,or kicked. Laboring romusha did not get food, if given only once a day, an it was only in the form of tapioca flour mush. Besides, requirement of their clothes was deficient.
Romusha yang lalai dalam bekerja dipukuf, ditampar, didera, atau ditendang. Romusha yang bekerja berat tersebut tidak diberi makan, kalau pun diberi makan hanya sekali dalam sehari, itu pun hanya berupa bubur tepung tapioka. Selain itu, kebutuhan pakaian mereka tidak tercukupi.
Initially, romusha were taken from rural areas in Java, and only employed in the place which was not far from their houses or their habitation. But, at last, a lot of romusha were employed in the forests in Java, and even employed abroad, as in Malaya (Malaysia), Birma (Myanmar), Thailand, and China. Work of romusha was very hard, among others were cutting away trees in the forest, battering stones in the mountain, smoothing down the hills, and others.
Pada mulanya, romusha diambil dari daerah-daerah pedesaan di Pulau Jawa, dan hanya dipekerjakan di tempat yang tidak jauh dari rumah atau tempat tinggal penduduk. Namun, pada akhirnya, para romusha tersebut banyak yang dipekerjakan di hutan-hutan di Pulau Jawa, bahkan dipekerjakan di luar negeri, misalnya di Malaya (Malaysia), Birma (Myanmar), Thailand, dan Cina. Pekerjaan romushasangat berat, di antaranya adalah menebang pohon di hutan, menggempur batu-batu di pegunungan, meratakan bukit-bukit, dan lain-lain.
Aftermath of hunger, hardwork, accident, and also torture of Japanese army, thousands of romusha died. The news was heard by the people who were in the rural, so that the people were afraid to become romusha and a lot of then ran away from their villages. Since 1943, the Japanese began to be pressed in the Pacific war, especially after Japanese was battered by Ally team on May 7, 1942, in the Rock Sea. In such state, Japanese needed more romusha, so that Japanese made propaganda by vraising romusha.
Romusha was considered as economic soldiers or hero workers. They were praised as soldiers who were serving for a holy duty. The propaganda aimed in order that the people were not afraid of Japanese and they were willing to become romusha. But in reality, the people who became romusha remained to suffer.
Romusha was considered as economic soldiers or hero workers. They were praised as soldiers who were serving for a holy duty. The propaganda aimed in order that the people were not afraid of Japanese and they were willing to become romusha. But in reality, the people who became romusha remained to suffer.
Akibat kelaparan, pekerjaan yang berat, kecelakaan, serta siksaan dari tentara Jepang, ribuan romusha meninggal dunia. Berita tersebut terdengar oleh rakyat yang ada di pedesaan, sehingga rakyat takut menjadi romusha dan banyak yang melarikan diri dari desanya. Sejak tahun 1943, Jepang mulai terdesak dalam Perang Pasifik, terutama setelah Jepang digempur oleh pasukan Sekutu pada tanggal 7 Mei 1942, di Laut Karang. Dalam keadaan tersebut, Jepang memerlukan lebih banyak romusha, sehingga Jepang membuat propaganda dengan cara memuji romusha.
Romusha dikatakan sebagai prajurit ekonomi atau pahlawan pekerja. Mereka dipuji sebagai praj urit yang sedang menunaikan tugas suci. Propaganda tersebut bertujuan supaya rakyat tidak takut kepada Jepang dan mereka bersedia menjadi romusha. Namun pada kenyataannya, rakyat yang menjadi romusha tetap menderita.
As effect of attacks of Ally army, Japanese position was more and more jammed in excessively suffered defeats. In mentioned condition, Japanese started to take advantage of young men of Indonesia, by way of drawing their sympathy. The young men would be prepared to bear arms agains Any's attack.
Akibat gempuran-gempuran dari tentara Sekutu, kedudukan Jepang semakin terjepit dan banyak menderita kekalahan. Dalam keadaan tersebut, Jepang mulai memanfaatkan para pemuda Indonesia, dengan cara menarik simpati mereka. Pemuda-pemuda tersebut akan dipersiapkan untuk menghadapi serbuan Sekutu.
Therefore, Japanese formed several semi-military organizations, among others were as follows.
Oleh karena itu, Jepang membentuk beberapa organisasi semi militer, di antaranya sebagai berikut.
Oleh karena itu, Jepang membentuk beberapa organisasi semi militer, di antaranya sebagai berikut.
- Seinentai (Elementary Schoolboys Front) / Seinentai (Barisan Murid-murid Sekolah Dasar)
- Gakukotai (Secondary Student Front) Gakukotai (Barisan Murid-murid Sekolah Lanjutan)
- Seinendan (Youth Front Seinendan was formed on March 9, 1943). Its members consisted of young men of 14-22 years old. The aim of its founding was to edu-cate and train young men in order that they could help Japanese in maintaining Indonesia territory of Ally's attack.
Seinendan (Barisan Pemuda) Seinendan dibentuk pada tanggal 9 Maret 1943. Anggotanya terdiri dari pemuda yang berumur 14-22 tahun. Tujuan didirikan Seinendan adalah untuk mendidik dan melatih para pemuda agar dapat membantu Jepang dalam mempertahankan wilayah Indonesia dari serangan Sekutu.
- Keibodan (Police ministrant front) It was formed on April 29, 1943. Its members consisted of young men of 20-35 years old, then was turned into 25-35 years of age. The members were selected from rural citizen, so that the organizational embers were loyal to the superior. The purpose of Keibodan founding was to educate the youth to assist police duties. Keibodan (Barisan Pembantu Polisi) Dibentuk pada tanggal 29 April 1943.
Anggotanya terdiri dari pemuda berumur 20-35 tahun, yang kemudian diubah menjadi 25-35 tahun. Anggotanya dipilih dari warga pedesaan, supaya anggota organisasi ini setia kepada atasan. Tujuan didirikan Keibodan adalah mendidik para pemuda untuk membantu tugas-tugas kepolisian.
- Fujinkai (Women Association) The association was founded in August 1943. The members were women of 15 years and older.
Fujinkai (Himpunan Wanita) Dibentuk pada bulan Agustus 1943. Anggotanya adalah wanita yang berumur 15 tahun ke atas.
- Syuisintai (Pioneer front) It was formed on September 14, 1944, was announced officially on the September 25, 1944. Its members represented the part of Java of Hokokai of minimum 14 years old. The Intention of this organization was to increase the people alert.
Syuisintai (Barisan Pelopor) Dibentuk pada tanggal 14 September 1944, diresmikan tanggal 25 Septem-ber 1944. Anggotanya merupakan bagian dari Jawa Hokokai yang mini-mal berusia 14 tahun. Tujuan dari organisasi ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan rakyat.
Besides semi-military organizations, Japanese also formed military organization under the cloak of maintaining the state of European nation attack. The organization€ among others were hereunder.
Selain membentuk organisasi semi militer, Jepang juga membentuk organisasi militer dengan dalih untuk rnempertahankan negara dari serbuan bangsa Eropa. Organisasi-organisasi tersebut di antaranya seperti di bawah ini.
1. Heiho (Ministrant of Japan Soldier) Heiho was formed in April 1943. Its members consisted of young men of 18-25 years old, the lowest education was elementary schooL Their duty was to assist Japanes‘ e soldiers in the battle field.
Heiho (Pembantu Prajurit Jepang) Heiho dibentuk pada bulan April 1943. Anggotanya terdiri dari para pemuda berusia 1 82-25 tahun, pal-ing rendah berpendidikan sekolah dasar. Tugasnya membantu prajurit Jepang di medan perang.
2. PETA (Fatherland Protector) It was formed on October 3, 1943. Their duty was to maintain the fatherland of Indonesia.
PETA (Pembela Tanah air) Dibentuk pada tanggal 3 Oktober 1943. Tugasnya mempertahankan tanah air Indonesia.
Heiho and PETA were different organizations although both were formed by the Japanese. Heiho was a part of Japanese army, while PETA was Indonesian army trained by the Japanese. The military training got from the occupying government of the Japanese was very usefuL From the military training, the youth became exercised. Besides, the military figures who came up as beaters toward the Japanese troops came from PETA.
Heiho dan PETA merupakan organisasi yang berbeda meskipun keduanya dibentuk oleh Jepang. Heiho merupakan bagian dari tentara Jepang, sedangkan PETA merupakan tentara Indonesia yang dididik oleh Jepang. Pendidikan militer yang didapatkan dari pemerintah pendudukan Jepang tersebut sangat berguna. Dari pendidikan militer tersebut, para pemuda menjadi terlatih. Selain itu; tokoh-tokoh militer yang tampil sebagai pemukul tentara Jepang berasal dari PETA.
Sumber Pustaka: Yrama Widya
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